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C. G. Wilke "Helios", 58cm, Wool, possibly 1930s. Fantastic liner. This Stiff Felt belongs to Martin.
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Johann Hückel´s Söhne - Hückel Hutfabrik Weilheim
habigman replied to habigman's topic in Austrian Hat Companies
J. Hückel´s Söhne "Durit", FP 5 3/4, possibly late 1920s early 1930s and made for the French Market. This is the only JHS Soft Felt that I have encounter with 1/4 sizing. This is a real beauty! The Velour color and finish is magnificent. This Velour belongs to Daniele on the FL. Daniele reports that the Velour is of a light weight and the overall condition is excellent. -
Koch - Velour "Secunda", 58cm possibly later 1950s. Otto Koch Miesbacher Velourhutfabrik lasted to the mid 1960s. This is a very nice Close Cropped Velour that is excellent overall condition. Open Crown Natural Light
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Stetson - Mayser Excellent "Skyway", 57cm possibly late 1950s. There is only one other Stetson - Mayser "Skyway", found by Stefan on the FL back in 2021. The black Felt has a very nice finish and is pliable so easily dry creases. The form is "Camber" like so I think it looks better "Brim Up". Mayser acquired the Stetson license for Germany in 1954. Open Crown Natural Light Ferdinand Ludewig (5/9/1902-7/6/1963) the original owner of the Stetson - Mayser Excellent "Skyway" wearing it in 1961. Photograph courtesy of Ferdinand Ludewig's granddaughter Alexandra.
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Josef Gratzer Hutmachermeister Miesbach
habigman replied to habigman's topic in German Hat Companies
Josef Gratzer Hutmachermeister Miesbach, No Paper Label, measures 55cm possibly 1930s. It's possibly that Kohlndorfer was the Velour source for this hat. The black Velour has a very soft hand and has high gloss. The nap is fairly long but not quite Soleil. The greenish gold Liner also has very high gloss but is very delicate so it has some small wear tears. Open Crown -
Josef Gratzer Hutmachermeister Miesbach, I found the following regarding Josef Gratzer: "1949 their new hat factory. In the same year, Ulrich Rager and Josef Gratzer founded the Oberbayerische Hutfabrik GmbH". Gratzer was already listed as a hat maker prior.
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Hare and Rabbit Skin Storage, Skin Pickling / Carroting, Skin Cutting, and Fur Sorting. "25 Berlin - Gubener Hutfabrik, Actiengesellschaft vorm. A. Cohn, Guben, 1913" https://germanaustrianhats.invisionzone.com/topic/678-hare-and-rabbit-skin-storage-skin-pickling-carroting-skin-cutting-and-fur-sorting-25-berlin-gubener-hutfabrik-actiengesellschaft-vorm-a-cohn-guben-1913/ LOOK INTO THE PICKLING /CARROTING SHOP (Application of Nitrate of Mercury by Hand Brushing)
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The Use of Specialized Hydraulic Presses in Stiff Felt Production "25 Berlin - Gubener Hutfabrik, Actiengesellschaft vorm. A. Cohn, Guben, 1913" https://germanaustrianhats.invisionzone.com/topic/677-the-use-of-specialized-hydraulic-presses-in-stiff-felt-production-25-berlin-gubener-hutfabrik-actiengesellschaft-vorm-a-cohn-guben-1913/ PRESSING THE STIFF HATS (WITH HYDRAULIC PRESSES)
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Hare and Rabbit Skin Storage, Skin Pickling / Carroting, Skin Cutting, and Fur Sorting. Four Photographs from a German Hair Cutting Shop (1913) This excerpt is from "25 Berlin - Gubener Hutfabrik (Hat Factory), Actiengesellschaft (Public or Private Company) vorm. A. Cohn, Guben, 1913". It covers Hare and Rabbit Skin Storage, Skin Pickling / Carroting, Skin Cutting, and Fur Sorting. There are four rare photographs from a German Hair Cutting shop. The third photo "German PICKLING /CARROTING SHOP" is especially rare. It shows the application of Nitrate of Mercury by Hand Brushing. You might need to click on the photos to make them larger. The production of hair hats is carried out in a completely separate establishment from the wool hat production. If we also pay a brief visit to this department, we first enter the raw materials store, where many types of hair are stacked up, mostly neatly packed in paper packages. The packets are labeled on the outer wrapping with the name of the quality they contain. We find different types of hare hair, rabbit hair, beaver and nutria. The most important haircutting factories are located in Germany, France, England and Belgium. Here, skins from all over the world come together, are prepared, trimmed and sorted. In its original state, as it is cut from the hide, the hair is not suitable for the manufacture of hats because it lacks felting and fulling properties. Rather, it must first undergo the manipulation of mordanting before it acquires this property, but then to a greater extent than wool. For this purpose, the hair on the skins is carefully brushed up to the root with a solution of mercury and nitric acid using hand brushes or machines with cylindrical brushes. The skins are then dried in heating chambers specially constructed for this purpose, then remoistened and carefully smoothed to smooth out any folds in the skin. - The skins prepared in this way then pass through a machine in which the fur is cut into narrow strips between cylinders equipped with sharp knives, without tearing the loosely connected hair fur. The pieces of fur fall down and the blanket of hair, cut to the root, emerges at the end of the machine and lies on a thin metal plate. From here it is removed by trained workers and cut into individual parts of the fur, because the back has the finest hair, while the sides and belly have smaller hairs, which vary considerably in price. For example, the back of the hare fetches five times the price of the hair from the belly. With the enormous boom in hair that has occurred in the last year, which has caused unprecedented prices, the backs are getting bigger and bigger and the smaller parts are getting smaller and smaller. This huge price increase is partly due to the fashion for velour-like hats for men and women, but also to the widespread use of animal skins as trimming material for clothing in recent years. Below are 4 photographs from a German Hair Cutting shop. THE SKINS ARE CUT OPEN AND CLEANED STORAGE OF SKINS PREPARED FOR STAINING LOOK INTO THE PICKLING /CARROTING SHOP (Application of Nitrate of Mercury by Hand Brushing) THE HAIR IS CUT FROM THE SKINS
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The Use of Specialized Hydraulic Presses in Stiff Felt Production This excerpt is from "25 Berlin - Gubener Hutfabrik (Hat Factory), Actiengesellschaft (Public or Private Company) vorm. A. Cohn, Guben, 1913". It explains the use of special Hydraulic presses in Stiff Felt Production. This very important specialized process is no longer used in Stiff Felt production. Up to this point, the felt stumps have traveled in closed batches from the spinning mill with a card containing all the necessary information through the raw manufacturing process. From the warehouses, they move on, separated according to individual commissions and divided up for the final shape. The felt stumps for Stiff Hats go to the Stiff Hat department, those for Soft Hats to the Soft Hat department. If we first follow the former, we see how the felt stumps are soaked with a solution of shellac and spirit, then dried and later subjected to a washing process which is intended to remove the superfluous stiffness from the surface so that only the stiffness remains inside the felt. This washing process, called panning, is of utmost importance, because if the shellac is not completely removed from the surface of the stump, it will show up as mold-like stains when the hat is worn and even when it is stored. The stiffened felt stumps are now fitted to the head shape for which they are intended, "plated", the edge is stretched flat and the hat is then pressed after its surface has been finely cleaned and brushed (see first photo below). During the plating process, the felt stump is given the head shape that it should have in the finished hat - at least approximately. The stiff hat is only given its exact shape in the hydraulic press (see second photo below). The hydraulic press consists of an iron frame, the lower part of which holds an iron mold, the cavity of which resembles the shape of a hat. This mold is polished smooth on the inside and holds the hat. The upper part of the press is fitted with an elastic rubber body which fits into the iron mold. After the stiffened felt hat body has been heated in a box heated by steam or gas - which makes the shellac stiffness supple - the upper part of the press is lowered and the elastic rubber body is inserted into the hat. The press is then hermetically sealed and water pressure of 25-30 atmospheres generated by accumulators is let into the interior of the press through a pipe. The water fills the hat bag with this enormous pressure, expands it and this forces the supple lump to fit smoothly against the walls of the iron mold. PLATING THE STIFF HATS PRESSING THE STIFF HATS (WITH HYDRAULIC PRESSES)
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"25 Berlin - Gubener Hutfabrik (Hat Factory), Actiengesellschaft (Public or Private Company) vorm. A. Cohn, Guben", 1913 from the Gotisches Haus (Gothic House) Bad Homburg, Germany hat collection. https://germanaustrianhats.invisionzone.com/topic/674-25-berlin-gubener-hutfabrik-hat-factory-actiengesellschaft-public-or-private-company-vorm-a-cohn-guben-1913/
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IDYL ON THE NEISSEUF Outside the factory, the hammering and knocking of the machines, the hissing of the large fans, and the back and forth of people have already been replaced by silence and calm. The thousands of light bulbs in the lighting network have also gone out, only a single flame still shines here and there to provide light to the restless hands repairing a machine. However, up here in the offices there is still bright light and busy life, there is still business activity here. But soon the last letter will be signed, the last invoice will be enveloped and then things will calm down here too. The moonlight reflects ghostly shadows through the factory windows over the Neisse Mountains and conjures up strange shapes from the thousands of hats stacked on top of each other in the factory halls. DETAILS FROM HAIR HAT MANUFACTURING The production of the hair hats is carried out in an establishment that is completely separate from the wool hat production. If we also pay a short visit to this department, we first enter the raw materials warehouse, where many types of hair are stacked, mostly neatly packed in paper packages. The packages are labeled on the outer covers with the name of the quality they contain. We find various types of hare hair, rabbit hair, beaver hair and rat hair. The most important hairdressers are in Germany, France, England and Belgium. This is where skins from all over the world come together, are prepared, trimmed and sorted. In its original state, as it is cut from the hide, the hair is not suitable for making hats because it lacks the ability to be felted and fulled. 58 Below are 4 pictures from one German hair cutting shop. THE SKINS ARE CUT OPEN AND CLEANED STOCK OF HIDES PREPARED FOR STAINING 59 LOOK INTO THE PICKLING /CARROTING SHOP THE HAIR IS CUT FROM THE SKINS 60 BLOW MACHINERY FORMING MACHINES 61 FULLING OF THE HAT STUMP EXPEDITION ACCOUNT 62 DIRECTORATE ACCOUNT The hair is in the original state, as experienced by the manipulation of mordanting, before it acquires this property, but then to a higher degree than the wool. For this purpose, the hair on the skins is carefully coated down to the root with a solution of mercury and nitric acid using hand brushing or using machines made of cylindrical brushes. The skins are then dried in heating chambers specially designed for this purpose, then re-moistened and carefully smoothed to even out every fold in the skin. - The skins prepared in this way then pass through a machine in which the fur is cut into narrow strips between cylinders equipped with sharp knives without tearing the loosely connected fur. The fur particles fall down and the hair, cut down to the roots, comes out at the end of the machine and lies on a thin metal plate. From here it is removed by trained workers and broken down into individual parts of the fur, because the back has the finest hair, but the sides and belly have smaller types of hair, which show very significant differences in price. It achieves e.g. For example, the back of a rabbit costs five times as much as the hair from the belly. With the enormous bull market in hair that has been going on for a year now, which has brought about unprecedented prices, the back parts are getting bigger and the smaller sections that are separated are getting smaller and smaller. This huge price increase is partly due to the fashion for velor-like hats for men and women, but also to the very heavy use of animal fur as trimmings for dresses that has occurred in recent years. Continuing further, we reach the blowing factory, where ten blowing machines, built according to the latest experience, free the hair of all impurities that are attached to it and at the same time remove any smaller, stronger parts of the hair. The blow molding machine serves a similar purpose in the production of hair hats as the roll does in the production of wool hats. Through a number of rapidly rotating, toothed rollers, the hair material, which is very easily carried by the air, is set into a whirling motion and flies back and forth in the large wire gauze box surrounding the machine, as if blown by a strong current of air . While the finest, thinnest hair particles float longer in the air space, the heavier impurities and coarser hair parts sink down more quickly and are carried away before the fine, light hair has collected again. 63 Pages 64, 65 Missing which ensures that the employees are provided with free meals and meals during their vacation time in the rest homes. The company has taken on its own shoulders the burden placed on civil servants by the Reich Insurance Regulations. There are still canteens in all companies run under the supervision of worker delegates, which provide the workers with good quality coffee, bouillon, seltzer water, lemonades and other non-alcoholic drinks for refreshment in return for small compensation. The A. Cohn department has 44 workers and employees in its company who have been working for the company for more than 25 years. They received a large monetary gift on their anniversary and some of them were awarded the bronze medal of honor and three were awarded this silver medal. In addition, a large number of workers in both departments who have become unable to work are provided with permanent weekly support, which protects them from at least the most extreme hardships until the end of their lives. On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the stock corporation, a sum of 100,000 marks was donated for charitable purposes, which is intended to benefit the stock company's workforce alone. CANTEEN We hope and wish that these institutions will do their part to further strengthen the good understanding that exists between the employer and the company's employees - to the benefit and blessing of both parties! SALES AND DIVIDENDS THE BERLIN GUBEN HUT FACTORY PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY prem. A. COHN. 66 FINAL WORD If today can be more for us than just a day of joy, a day of pride, a day of thanks, then it should also give us a lesson, namely the following: Napoleon used to say of his soldiers that every one of them, even the smallest, carried a marshal's baton in his knapsack. The poor thirteen-year-old boy we read about in these pages also carried such a marshal's baton in the satchel with which he came to Berlin. - except that our friend did not serve an emperor, but a queen, the great, powerful queen of industry that now dominates the entire world. He planted a seed in the ground - and a tree grew from it, which today provides nourishment for 4,000 people and their families. The path that that poor boy took to reach such a wonderful goal - this path is also open to everyone else who has the necessary hard work, the necessary endurance and the necessary talent for it. Therefore, may the example of this man serve as a comfort and example to the young among us, and may fate have given them nothing else but a sound mind. Of course, in order for the inconspicuous seed to grow into a mighty tree, in addition to its planter and his tireless care, it also needed sunshine, the right one. In ordinary life it is called the grace of God or just luck. But like many people, happiness comes once in a lifetime and instead of holding on to it, he lets it slip out of his hands again. But we now close this work with the wish with which we began it: Our factory, this mighty tree that has sprouted from the sands of the Mark, continues to prosper happily! And happy prosperity to everyone, even to the last and least, over whom he spreads his protective shadow. 67
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the work that is being done here. From the dyeing plant, the cheroots, after they have been dried in large, steam-heated chambers and brushed to remove all impurities, travel to the cheroot store, from where they later go to the factory for the production of women's hats, or to the women's chevet store, from where they are immediately sent for dispatch, or for women's hats that are released on machines, into the Stumpenlager, separated according to their intended use: the men's hat Stumpenlager, which contains the qualities intended for men's hats. The second part of hat production now begins! Up to this point, the stumps have been marched through raw production in closed batches from the spinning mill with a card that contained all the necessary information. From the warehouses they move on, separated into individual commissions and divided into the final form. The stumps for stiff hats go to the stiff hat department, those for soft hats go to the soft hat department. If we first follow the former, we see how the stumps are soaked with a solution of shellac and spirit, then dried and later exposed to a washing process, which is intended to remove the unnecessary stiffness from the surface, so that only the stiffness remains inside the felt remains. This washing process, called panning, is of extreme importance because if the shellac is not completely removed from the surface of the bowl, it will appear as mold-like stains when the hat is worn and even on the bed. The stiffened stumps are now pulled up to exactly fit the head shape for which they are intended, "plated", the edge is stretched flat and the hat is then pressed after its surface has been finely cleaned and brushed into lines. After the stiffened cheroot is placed in an iron mold heated by steam or gas, the upper part of the press is lowered and the elastic rubber body, which makes the shellac stiffener supple, is inserted into the hat. The press is then hermetically sealed and water pressure of 25-30 atm is generated through a pipeline by accumulators. let into the interior of the press. With this enormous pressure, the water fills the hat bag, expands it and forces the supple stump to fit smoothly against the walls of the iron mold. WOMEN'S HAT STORE 42 PLATING THE RIGID HATS PRESSING THE STIFF HATS 43 44. 45 Pages Missing DECATIER APPARATUS FOR SOFT HATS The journey of the soft hat through the factory from the pillar warehouse is similar; it is only slightly stiffened, and usually only at the edge, in order to give more support to this part, which is the most stressed when carrying and greeting. Instead of being plated, it is then drawn onto a mold that mainly determines the dimensions of the head and edge, then the surface is also cleaned and processed and finally it goes into a hydraulic press that works in a similar way to the stiff hat, but Press out the head and edge at the same time. The protruding edges are cut off and the soft hat is now ready for the garnish. When it comes to outfitting such a large number of hats, large spaces and many skilled hands must of course be available. There are also large, bright, comfortable rooms where girls and women sit at long tables and attach the pieces of equipment to their hats. There are thousands of hats lying on small racks, adding to the picturesque appearance of this interesting department. The control over the payment of wages for these many individual hats is made possible by the fact that a certain coupon is issued with each hat, which indicates the wage rate for the work the payroll statement is submitted. Nowadays, the attachment of the equipment parts is often done with machines, such as stitching the bindings and sewing in the leather, but the majority of the work remains left to the skilled hand. DIE PULLER STIFFER OF SOFT HATS 46 47 GARNISHING HALL LINING 48 49 Furnishings Warehouse Stamping 50 51 The warehouse in which the individual parts necessary for garnishing are sold forms a special department in itself, the varied work of which the layperson has no idea of. From here, various types of tapes are delivered. Special types of welding leather are intended for each commission. The linings made of silk fabrics, which usually have a stamp specified for each customer or the name of the detailing houses, have to be made in advance, and then the thousands of small accessories that are used to enhance the external appearance of the hat come. The embossing shop, i.e. the station where leather and lining are stamped and named, is also a branched and complicated area. All possible types of printing fonts are used, colorful printing, printing made of silver, imitation gold, real gold, black printing and printing in different colors. The station has developed into a complete printing company and therefore also supplies the factory with the printed matter on paper that becomes necessary. If we then take a look at the hall where the boxes needed to pack the hats are made, we have reached the end of the manufacturing process. The boxes are no longer glued together with glue, as they used to be, but are instead stapled together using machines. The stapling wire not only penetrates the cardboard and solidly connects the individual parts together, no, at the same time it also staples strong wooden strips inside the box to make it durable for the journey and to enable it to withstand the sometimes somewhat rough treatment on the part of the box to withstand the postal workers. As we leave this room we hear the loud whistle of a steam whistle coming from the boiler house. It is the sign that the working machines must be moved out, because after a few minutes the gigantic operating machines, which with enormous power caused the movement of all the wheels, all the belts, all the fans and the smallest individual machines in the most distant rooms, will come to a standstill. We now quickly walk through the packing and shipping rooms, where urgent commissions are taken out after factory operations have stopped, and then enter the shipping office and the factory accounting department. Here the documents accompanying the shipment are issued, the incoming orders are registered and transferred to the individual accounts, the divisions necessary for the production of the goods are made and the dispatched commissions are deducted from the corresponding accounts. The invoices are advertised and the relevant correspondence is maintained with customers. Of course, completing all of this work requires a larger workforce and well-organized control. The cash register and management of the business books as well as the technical office are in separate rooms, which we also walk through and then finally reach the director's office, the actual brain of the entire organization. From here, in the morning, after the correspondence and orders have been distributed to the individual departments, all dispositions are sent out, which are passed on by the department heads to the foremen and junior civil servants, so that they can then get back to the workers. This is where all the threads come together again in the evening after the company closes, maintaining the organization like an artificially spun web. CARTON MAKING 52 CARTON MAKING 53 54 BELOW: DIRECTORATE ACCOUNT 55 MAIN ACCOUNT AND CASH RECEIPT ACCOUNTING OFFICE PACKAGING ROOM 56 55 WORKSHOP AND MOLD TURNERS
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FELTING 30 PUSH MACHINE caused by natural forces. The machine above illustrates the manipulation of how wool pockets are felted. The funnel-shaped compartment is placed between two plates that move against each other. A suitable piece of canvas is placed in the inner part of the wool funnel so that the top and bottom do not felt together due to the addition of hot water vapors and the friction of the wool funnel Both plates then cause the wool fibers to become felted, as explained above. The tip of the funnel is similarly felted by using the wool funnel ter is placed on a sheet metal cone, the perforated tip of which carries steam through and over which an equally moving, matching head piece is guided back and forth. When felted, the wool compartment is already more resistant, but still not enough to avoid damage during the robust-looking fulling process in the hammer mill. The careful manufacturer therefore gives the compartment a gentle pre-rolling beforehand, which means the felt is jostled. This happens in machines of various designs, which usually follow the principle that the felts, wrapped together in a certain number in a cloth, soaked in a warm liquid that promotes the felting and fulling process, are squeezed through a system of rollers and rollers. These again exert friction and pressure, more violently and energetically than when felting, and this initiates an even closer bonding of the fibers and an even more intimate felting and curling of the wool structure. The pre-rolling, which is often carried out by hand, also has the purpose of particularly working on individual, less dense areas of the felt and bringing uniformity into the entire structure. Now the pre-milled wool sheds await the "hammer milling". This works on a large number of felts in a large, hollow wooden belly with constant tapping and hammering and forces them to constantly sit in hot milling broth in a merciless kneading process HAMMER MILLS 31 to twist and give the secret natural power of fulling inherent in its wool fibers to the last remnant; As a result, the previously loosely connected layers of wool become leather-like Felt welded together. Having become a "stump", the subject leaves this place of extreme effort. It has now shrunk to up to % of its original size due to the multiple felting and fulling manipulations, but has lost its hollowness and can now, as a solid, robust felt, withstand all the strains that the to him in the following stages of production, with great tenacity defy, and this is of great importance. - The fulling is the soul of the raw production of the wool hat! We now take a look at the rooms in which the wool material is used Adhering vegetal parts must be removed. Grass, burdock or other plant parts get stuck in the wool flow when the sheep graze or lie down on the pasture, and these remain stuck in it even when the wool is treated. They are now made either from the wool itself or from the compartment. from the stump through carbonization, i.e. H. the charring of the plant parts is removed. For this purpose, the wool or the goods are soaked with diluted sulfuric acid and, after the excess water is carefully thrown off, exposed to intense heat of around 80 degrees Celsius. This causes the plant parts to become friable and can be easily separated from the wool fibers, which are less affected, by mechanical processes. The format that the hat product has retained so far is the sugar-loaf-shaped, conical one. Now the pillar is to undergo the first manipulations that bring it into the shape of a hat, i.e. H. which clearly imprint the identifying features of the head and edge. DRYING THE CARBONIZED WOOL DISHWASHER CARBONIZATION 32 AUXILIARY MACHINES FOR THE MOLDING SHOP Various machines are used for this purpose, which expand the stump in the head, which has previously been made supple in steam or hot water, stretch the edge flatter, force a wooden shape into the expanded part of the head, stretch the edge and finally hold it in its shape. In all of these manipulations, the machine usually only serves as an assistant to make the rather strenuous mold manipulation easier. The handicraft of a skilled shaper who shapes the felt in its composition, i.e. H. in its relationship between head and edge, expertly preserved, is still not fully functional by a machine replaced. The formed hat, after it has dried, is now subjected to a toilet; it is freed from the coarse hairs that have been pushed out to the surface by the comb. It is ground and polished, the fine hairs rolled inwards are brought out to the ceiling through roughening processes and, depending on requirements, are finished as a fine cloth-like line or as a raised velor cover. The pumice mill turns the rough, shaggy fellow that Walke delivers. a finely trimmed, smooth hat. The name "pumice" arose from the fact that pumice stone was previously used for the manipulations described, but today other abrasive materials are mostly used 33 are removed from their points of origin by large suction devices with extensive pipelines. The dust generated during this work and the flying hair particles so that they don't come to the worker which can be harmful to health, must be taken to a collection point. usually separated into types so that they can later be used for a wide variety of purposes, of which we would only like to mention the production of velvet wallpaper. The station to which the hat is now brought is the Rohdecatur. The term "Decatieren" has its origins from the French word "cati", i.e. H. Pressed gloss. In the original view, decating means nothing more than removing the pressed shine from the goods; a manipulation that was first used in cloth production. MACHINE MOLDERS MOLD MANIPULATIONS THE BIMMING OF THE HATS THE GRINDING OF THE HATS 34 35 However, cloth manufacturing has retained this expression for a number of much more extensive treatments of the goods with steam. The inventive, striving spirit of the cloth industrialists soon discovered that these treatments achieved a matt shine, a soft, mottled feel, a fine, durable line on the goods; Above all, wear caused the wear to contract or even change in structure due to the effects of the weather. This treatment made the cloth shrink-free, i.e. H. For a long time, he was deprived of the opportunity to use this manipulation, which was widely used in cloth production, until a hat manufacturer from Guben, through continued experiments, was able to develop useful and, as it turned out after further elaboration of the original system, achieved some really important results. Today the wool hats are drawn into precisely fitting shapes, two pieces each, with the right, lined sides lying on top of each other, the outermost edges on VACUUM CLEANER FACILITY corresponding rings are tensioned, a steam process, i.e. H. exposed to the decating effect. For this purpose, the hats are placed on an iron frame, pushed into a large cauldron, which is hermetically sealed and hot, dry steam is admitted into the interior and pressure of one atmosphere is created. The goods are exposed to this steam pressure for a period of time (20-40 minutes). In order to protect them against any drops of water, the Ge. covered by coverings and after the boiler's steaming process has ended, the used steam is extracted through ventilation. before opening a fixed line, but above all the effort of the felt to fit into its old pillar. The hat gains significantly in size due to the Decatur. The hair cover of the product is prevented from receding, i.e. H. The hat keeps its shape, and certainly on everyone Weather influences, so it is absolutely load-bearing. The Decatur is therefore extremely important for the wool hat. Character, it makes him consistent and solid. Just as the Walke means the soul of the Stumpen, so the Decatur shapes the hat. DECATING THE HATS 36 37 38, 39 Missing Pages WOMEN'S HAT HOOD WAREHOUSE SOFT HAT HOOD WAREHOUSE Huge fans that blow warm air into the room from one side so that the steam does not condense into water, and those that try to suck the steam out of the room on the opposite side with rapidly moving blades in vain trying to keep the room completely free of fumes. In the adjacent laboratory and in the dyeing chamber there are many barrels, pots and cans containing a variety of dyes. These are usually dark, colorless powders that only change to effectively bright colors through chemical action. We still see a number of large, multi-leaf color cards with small pieces of felt stuck on them, which speak loudly about the versatility of this dyeing department; next to it lie many colorful wool samples and large sample books in which they are compiled; All of this inspires us with great respect WHERE DO THE STAINS COME FROM? STEIFHUT CLUMP BEARING 40 41
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OPERATING MACHINES 20 The boilers are connected to an extensive pipe system, which, after opening valves, leads the steam to the steam engines or other extraction points in the factory. From the boiler house we enter the engine room through a connecting door, a bright, friendly and scrupulously clean room. The main part of this room is occupied by a large, triple expansion steam engine, built by A.G. Görlitzer Maschinenbauanstalt, with an output of 500 horse power. The steam flowing from the boilers to this machine through a pipeline is forced to pass through the three cylinders of this machine and, by its expansion force, gives the piston in these cylinders a reciprocating movement. Through the use of a movable rod and a crank, this pushing movement is converted into a rotating one. A powerful flywheel, by means of many rope ropes, transmits the power partly directly to one wing of the factory, and partly to a counter gear, which in turn sets two large dynamo machines in motion, which generate the electrical current; This is directed to the factory's more distant buildings and converted there into moving power by electric motors. In this room we also see a turbo dynamo that generates one hundred kilowatts of electrical energy and can therefore transmit 130 horses of moving power. In this steam turbine, the old principle of the water turbine has been brought into play again, in that not, as in the steam engine, the steam enters the cylinder and is used alternately in front of and behind the piston, i.e. a pushing movement is created, but in that the steam In this system, many small blades located on the circumference of a disk are fed and this disk is set in rotating motion with its axis. This turbine is directly coupled to a dynamo machine and thus generates electrical power in a very simple way. In an adjacent room we find another modern power generating machine, a diesel engine; This is a gas engine that is set in motion by the expansion force of superheated tar oil gases. This gas engine, which has around 150 horse power, is not behind the best steam engines with its performance and economical work and is well suited to wherever space is limited and steam power is not needed. The layman stands in amazement before these thousands of moving particles of the steam engine and the other operating machines, which generate an enormous amount of motor power, which is transferred to the working machines in an ingenious way in the individual factory rooms. He silently admires the ingenuity of the human mind that conceived this triumph of technology. - We turn to the actual production, first of all to the wool hat factory, which forms the main manufacturing branch of the stock corporation, and enter the storage rooms where the raw material, wool and its by-products are stored in huge bales. The wool, the hair of the sheep, is extremely varied depending on the blood of the animals, both in terms of fineness and length, as well as in the strength and curl of the fiber. Wool sheep are found in almost every country in the world, but the main wool production areas for wool hat production are Australia, South America, South Africa, Austria-Hungary and Germany. The wool produced in other countries around the world is less suitable for making suitable felt for hats. The wool from Angora goats, Alpacca sheep and camels is still used in smaller quantities in hat production, but only to produce shiny hats or as an effect additive. However, the way the wool grows on the sheep, it is not suitable for processing. The raw wool is contaminated with the animal's greasy sweat and is covered with dirt and dust. These contaminants are partly removed before the wool is cut from the animals themselves, either by washing the animals in the river or pond, or by hand or spray washing with soapy liquids. In most cases, however, the wool is only sheared after shearing, i.e. H. after cutting the wool from the sheep, washed in machines specially built for this purpose. In these machines - called Leviathan, which transport the raw wool mechanically through all parts without human assistance - the material, which is heavily contaminated with wool sweat, is treated with alkaline liquids that dissolve the wool sweat from the fiber. Strong squeezing rollers, which work under enormous pressure, press the dissolved sweat off the fiber several times until finally any small fat particles still adhering are completely removed using one or more water baths. Some wools contain up to 30, 40, 50, 60, even up to 70 and 80 percent impurities and, after washing and drying, only produce a correspondingly small amount of pure material. Before and after washing, the wool is sorted precisely for quality and usually checked again for contamination by pieces of pitch. 21 WOOL STORAGE 22 Wool production in the overseas countries has reached an enormous scale: according to the statistics for the 1911/12 season, Australia including New Zealand had around 117 million sheep and a production of 2,524,000 bales of wool weighing 150 kg each, South America including Uraguay with approx. 102 million sheep and 497,600 bales of wool weighing 400 kg each. South Africa with around 29 million sheep and 376,000 bales of wool weighing 150 kg each, while German The country only goes on sale with around 7.7 million sheep, each of which produces around 4 to 5 kg of wool. Looking at these statistics, fearful minds among German wool consumers see the moment approaching in the not too distant future when the German manufacturer will be cut off from the wool material necessary for production by politics in the wool-producing countries, and that is what they are Attempts to establish wool breeding in our German colonies, in German South West Africa, WOOL WASHING MACHINE to set up. Material produced there has already been brought onto the market, but the quantity is not yet in the balance and the quality is still a sample READ THE WASHED WOOL should exist. Let's hope the best. Some readers may be interested to know that Europe, including European Russia, has approximately 182 million four-legged sheep and the entire world has approximately 615 million. Below are some pictures from wool production Australia: 1. a Merino ram, called President, auctioned for M. 34,000.-, The original type for the fine-haired breeding sheep was the Spanish Merino sheep, the transfer of which to various countries and parts of the world has become an animal of cultural and historical importance, 2. grazing flock of sheep in a British-Australian colony, 3. the shearing of the sheep and the shearing hall, 4. Sales exhibition. 5. Auction Hall, 6. Transporting the bales of wool for shipping The selection of wool materials that are suitable for the various purposes of hat production. is the responsibility of the specialist and is based on years of experience. It is fair to say that most wool hats are not made from a single type of wool. Rather, experience has taught that. 23 A MERINO BUCK. CALLED PRESIDENT". AUCTIONED FOR MK. 34,000 GRAZING Flock of Sheep IN A BRITISH AUSTRALIAN COLONY 24 SHEARING THE SHEEP AND THE SHEARING HALL SALES EXHIBITION 25 AUCTION HALL TRANSPORTING THE BALE OF WOOL FOR SHIPPING 26 MIXED GRINDER Long and short wool can be advantageously mixed and waste wool material, which is created from the preliminary product of the worsted yarn during the production of the combed yarn, can also be used to fill the felt pores. These different types of wool are evenly mixed together on a machine suitable for this purpose, the "Wolf". As snow flurries are thrown out, the material should not be worked violently, but should only be loosened and mixed well. The wool blends prepared in this way are now placed on the carding machines in the carding room. These machines feature a complicated system of rotating rollers, the surfaces of which are decorated with fine-toothed wire tips called scrapers. These rollers, which rotate in different directions and at different speeds, are intended to loosen the piles of wool that are still connected and place the individual fibers neatly next to each other, bring them into a neat association and at the same time throw out any mechanical impurities that may still be present in the material. After passing through the card, the wool fibers lying next to each other and mixed up are led out as a thin pile, a veil-like structure, and wound up on a thick, round, slowly rotating wooden roller, on a drum, up to a certain number of layers and then removed. In order to achieve the most complete processing of the wool fibers, the wool material is passed through such cards twice in succession, the second of which is equipped with slightly finer wire teeth than the first. After this second turning inside out, the wool fur has reached the necessary fineness to be processed into the original structure of the hat. Up to this point, the processing of wool has taken place in exactly the same way as in cloth production. From now on, hat and cloth production diverge. It is now a matter of shaping the wool fur into a specific shape, which forms the first basis for the later hat, the so-called "compartment". This is done on the cone card with a winding device. The machine gets its name from a wooden double cone, which makes rotating and oscillating movements on an ingeniously designed apparatus at the rear part of the machine, which is otherwise built like the pre-card, but is much narrower. Here, too, the worker uses her hands to guide the veil of wool, which emerges from the clutter as a thin web similar to a cobweb, onto a moving double cone and cuts it. After the previously precisely determined weight has been accumulated, cut the structure in the middle with scissors and maintain it CONE CARD WITH WINDING APPARATUS 27 KREMPEL ROOM WITH CONE WRAP This makes 2 sugarloaf-like funnels made of wool fur, each a future hat! This manipulation is called "winding" and the worker is called "cone winder". It takes a lot of skill to wind the thin wool pile emerging from the card onto the cone evenly, without tears or wrinkles, and to use the existing facilities correctly to allow the thicker edges to roll up. FELT MACHINE An experienced winder produces 14-20 dozen hat compartments on her machine in 10 hours of work time, depending on the weight of the goods, which is light for thin hats and heavy for thick hats. The number of cone carders and winding machines working in a hat factory is an approximate measure of the factory's production volumes. The stock corporation currently has 93 cone carders in its wool hat factories, not counting the machines for making the hair hats, which we will come back to later. Up to this stage of production, the life force that lies dormant in the wool fiber has behaved passively; in the following stages it comes to lively activity. In the spinning mill, the wool sheds form a padded structure of loose wool fibers lying on top of and next to each other, which otherwise have no connection between themselves. Through the felting process that follows, the wool fibers are linked and connected to one another. The structure of the subject now has more consistency. To make it easier to understand the process of felting pointed out that the individual wool fibers are covered with fine scales that can only be seen under the microscope and which form in moist heat, e.g. B. in steam, open and put up. If pressure and friction are exerted on wool fibers treated in this way, they connect to one another through the open scales, they link one another, crawl over and through each other and develop a mysterious power to unite with one another, i.e. expertly designed. presses to become matted. If this process is continued continuously through greater heat, through increased moisture, through stronger pressure and more violent friction, the wool fibers become more and more firmly felted together. They roll together and ultimately form a structure that is inseparable from one another in the individual fibers. The experts and even the scholars do not agree with each other as to whether this mysterious process of felting and fulling is caused only by the clawing of the wool scales or by another characteristic of the wool hair. PUSHING MACHINE 28 29